DECEMBER 2018 - EN: 9
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Heaps of flowering orchids, rare species and unusual plants for sale, as well as a full range of orchid related supplies and new and exclusive — Clivia miniata seedlings in a full range of colours.
Including regular vendors: Tinonee Orchid Nursery and Macquarie Native Orchids
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From the Ellitor s Dose
Gi Braem is one of the world’s
experts on tropical slipper orchids,
specialising in the genera Paphiopedilum and |* Phragmipedium. He has just published a
new book covering the slipper orchids
from the Tropical Americas, The Genus Phragmipedium — a treatise on the conduplicate-leafed slipper orchids of Latin America. In this issue, Guido gives us a taste of what to expect, with a discussion on the spectacular Phragmipedium caudatum and its related species. Copies of his new book may be obtained direct from the author, email: braem44@gmail.com
It appears my judging article in the last issue has had some positive impact, where I discussed the processes that should be followed before granting the Grand Champion Orchid of a Show. Apart from feedback from most states within Australia (mix of judges, growers and exhibitors), I also received much support from New Zealand and the USA. I was also asked for permission to distribute sections of my paper to local judging centres. Hopefully this will lead to fairer and more consistent results in the future.
We have a report on the recent large Cymbidium hybrid show held at Dural, with photographs of a number of the winning entries as well as some other eyecatching and novelty exhibits. Cymbidium clubs nationwide no longer have a magazine devoted to this genus of orchids, as predicted the unprofessional replacement was short lived and generally disappointing. The Australian Orchid Review provides an avenue to promote their product to orchid growers and the gardening public.
The interest in “Softcane” Dendrobium hybrids is on the increase in Australia. Over recent years there have been more Australian-bred hybrids and seedlings being made available to enthusiasts. Their ease of growth, range of colours and long lasting flowers make them an instant hit. In this issue I discuss many aspects of the cultivation of these true Dendrobiums, and also answer the ten most frequently asked questions relating to their culture. Sorting out the facts from the fiction.
We also have the descriptions of a number of new Australian terrestrial orchid species, plus a revision of the tropical genus Pecteilis which is primarily from Southeast Asia to northern Australia.
More subscribers will keep our costs and subscription prices down. You can check your renewal date on the address flyer. In the not too distant future, we may no longer be selling in newsagents, so the AOR will only be available by subscription only. Support the nurseries and events that advertise with us. Show the magazine to orchid and gardening friends or your local society or club, encourage them to subscribe! As you all know, many magazines are no longer around, due to the digital/online age we live in. Yet these same people are all up in arms when such specialist magazines cease to exist. It’s a two way thing; support the businesses (and magazines) that support the orchid fraternity. We also welcome original articles (with photos) for publication consideration. Maybe now is a good time to check if your subscription is still current. © Remember you can subscribe or renew your subscription to the Australian Orchid Review online on our secure website at Www.australianorchidreview.com.au
You can also visit our page on Facebook. | David Banks
Australian Orchid Review david@hillsdistrictorchids.com
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 - January 2019
DECEMBER 2018 — JANUARY 2019 Volume 83 — No.6
Contents
Features:
The Genus Phragmipedium Revisited Part 2: Subgenus Phragmipedium
The 2018 National Orchid Extravaganza ....
Growing Softcane Dendrobiums - including 10 most frequently asked Questions...
... Prof. Dr.GuidoJ.Braem 2 suse Peter Rochfort 8
wu David P Banks 20
Characterisation of Dipodium hamiltonianum (Orchidaceae: Cymbidiae) and the description of a related new species from the inland areas of mainland eastern Australia
The big bad frost of 2018 Pecteilis Raf. (Orchideae): a molecular phylogenetic
based determination of their status in Australian Orchidaceae
David L. Jones 38 James Indsto 48
Mark A. Clements and David L. Jones 50 Corysanthes longituba (Orchidaceae: Acianthiinae), a new species from northern New South Wales .... David L. Jones and Lachlan M. Copeland 56 New Combinations in the Australian Pterostylidinae Robert J. Bates 58 Norman Alexander ‘Sandy’ Anderson (1931 — 2018) ...... R. M. (Dick) Cooper 63 FN | Regular Features: . From the Editor's Desk Maili@renBookShOpeenemtanes tesmrneretetemtnetrrttetintereaseteeersreners Advertiser's Index EY Editorial copy: Articles for publication and consideration should be sent to:
AOR Editor, David P. Banks, 39 Carole Street, Seven Hills, NSW 2147 Email: david@hillsdistrictorchids.com
All other correspondence to: AOR Publisher, Hills Orchid Publishing Pty Ltd, PO Box 4812, North Rocks, NSW 2151 B® 0433 422 792
Advertisers: Deadline for advertising copy for the February — March 2019 issue is Monday, 17 December, 2018
All advertising bookings and enquiries should be directed to: Caitlin Hoolahan @ 0433 422 792 Fax: (02) 9221 4242 or
Email: sales@australianorchidreview.com.au or David Banks @ 0412 123 036 Email: david@hillsdistrictorchids.com |
Subscriptions: See page 61 for Subscription information
Cover Shot
Dendrobium
Hamana Lake ‘Prism’
is an exciting new miniature cultivar that
has only recently entered cultivation in Australia. Plant & Photo: David Banks (Hills District Orchids)
by Prof. Dr. Guido J. Braem
Introduction
Subgenus Phragntipedium was established automatically when the genus was divided, and is therefore called an “autonym”. It must contain the type species of the genus, which is Phragmipedium caudatum Lindley. Overall, 12 taxa that belong in this subgenus were described at species level (albeit in 4 genera: Cypripedium Linné, Selenipedium Reichenbach fil., Phragmipedium Rolfe (incl. Phragmopedilum Rolfe), and Uropedium Lindley. The plants that belong in this subgenus all have “long” petals. After eliminating the synonyms and the monstrosities, we are left with six species: !
Phragmipedium caudatum Lindley (Lindley) Rolfe (1896)
Phragmipedium exstaminodium Castafio, Hagsater &
Aguirre (1984)
Phragmipedium guianense Sambin & Braem (2014)
Phragmipedium lindenii (Lindley) Dressler & N. H. Williams
(1975)
Phragmipedium popowii Braem, Ohlund & Quené (2004)
Phragmipedium warszewiczianum (Reichenbach fil.)
Schlechter (1922)
Of course, one could argue that Phragmipedium caudatum, Phragmipedium warszewiczianum, and Phragmipedium popowii are geographical varieties of a single species (Phragmipedium caudatum [for reasons of priority]). One could even argue that all six taxa belong to one species: Phragmipedium caudatum, and that would leave us with one species divided into 6 varieties. Thus, we would simply have shifted the taxonomic division one level down, and basically changed nothing, except for the augmentation of the level of complaints by amateurs that prefer species over varieties and by the commercial growers who prefer selling species as they bring in more revenue.
Right: Phragmipedium caudatum — photo courtesy Dorothy Potter Barnett
1. PHRAGMIPEDIUM CAUDATUM (Lindley) Rolfe
1 This is discussed in detail in the recently released book THE GENUS PHRAGMIPEDIUM — A TREATISE ON THE CONDUPLICATE-LEAFED SLIPPER ORCHIDS OF LATIN AMERICA, which may be obtained through the author (braem44@gmail.com).
2
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2. PHRAGMIPEDIUM POPOWII Braem, Ohlund & Quené
Above: Phragmipedium popowii — plate from SELECT ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS
Above: Phragmipedium caudatum - photo courtesy Dorothy Potter Barnett
Lindley described this taxon (as Cypripedium caudatum) on the basis of a damaged and incomplete dry specimen from the Ruiz & Pavon expedition to Peru & Chile, and gave it the name “caudatum” in reference to the long petals. It was transferred to the genus Phragmipedium caudatum by Rolfe in 1896. The species occurs in Peru and Bolivia at elevations of 1,000 to about 2,100 metres.
Right: Phragmipedium popowii ie — photo courtesy Orchids Limited [i
Named popowii in honour of Mr. Nebojscha Popow, Sr., of Fallersleben (Wolfsburg), Germany, Phragmipedium popowii has its native habitats in Mesoamerica from Guatemala to Panama.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019 3
3. PHRAGMIPEDIUM WARSZEWICZIANUM (Reichenbach fil.) Schlechter
Originally published as Cypripedium warszewiczianum by Reichenbach fil. in 1852, this species has often been cultivated under the erroneous designation “Phragmipedium wallisii’. Phragmipedium warszewiczianum was named in honour of Jézef Warszewicz Ritter von Rawicz, a plant collector and friend of Reichenbach fil. This species is found in Colombia and Ecuador, and possibly also in Panama and Peru, between 800 and 1,400 metres in very moist forests.
Above: Phragmipedium warszewiczianum — photo courtesy Dorothy Potter Barnett
Above: Phragmipedium warszewiczianum — photo courtesy Dorothy Potter Barnett
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4. PHRAGMIPEDIUM EXSTAMINODIUM The plant, in all its other aspects, floral as well as vegetative, Castano, Hagsater & Aguirre corresponds to those of Phragmipedium popowii. Phragmipedium
Phragmipedium exstaminodium is very easy to identify when _exstaminodiumz is a stout, epiphytic, herbaceous plant growing in flower, as it produces blooms that lack the staminode. in Chiapas, México, as a true epiphyte.
Above: Phragmipedium exstaminodium - photo courtesy Orchids Limited
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The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
5. PHRAGMIPEDIUM LINDENII (LINDLEY) Dressler & N.H. Williams
Phragmipedium lindenii differs from all other long-petaled slipper orchids by the lack of a pouch. Originally, it was published as a new monospecific genus as Uropedium lindenii by John Lindley in 1846 on the basis of notes from the Belgian explorer Jean-Jules Linden. It is hitherto known from Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
nena
Right: Phragmipedium lindenii — photo courtesy Orchids Limited
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6. PHRAGMIPEDIUM GUIANENSE Sambin & Braem
This recently described species was discovered in French Guiana where it is known to grow epiphytically on large trees. Very little has hitherto become known about its distribution
and ecology.
Prof. Dr. Guido J. Braem Email: braem44@gmail.com
Right: Phragmipedium guianense - photo courtesy Aurélien Sambin
pets ee teats files are clearly marked with the author’s name and address Address editorial to: David P. Banks (Editor) Australian Orchid Review 39 Carole Street, Seven Hills NSW 2147 AUSTRALIA Email: david@hillsdistrictorchids.com
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 - January 2019
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Dw the damage caused by less than ideal weather conditions during the growing season, members of the Cymbidium Club of Australia rallied to stage a creditable display of flowering plants for this prestigious event. I always make the trip from the Central Coast to Dural to check out anything new and interesting and hopefully find something
worth adding to my collection.
This year the show was enlivened by a First Class Certificate to Cymbidium Justis Pearl ‘Bee Jay’ owned by Brian Janes for his beautifully flowered plant of the cross between Joan’s Era and Kuranulla, a Bryants Orchids cross. The plant also earned Grand Champion of the Show and Champion Small Standard. Well done Brian!
One good point of this show is it is a photographers dream in that one is able to get close enough to the plants to get good shots of most of them. Also the prize cards and name cards are there with the plants. This is what makes the show more of a _ cymbidium enthusiasts show than something for the general public.
The other plus is that the vendors are in the same hall as the show which makes everything easily accessible. The Club’s sales table at the show is always busy especially when members bring in a new batch of plants to restock.
There is always the opportunity, as with St Ives, to catch up with old friends many of whom I have known for several decades.
> Cymbidium Justis Pearl ‘Bee Jay’ FCC/AOC — owner Brian Janes
Cymbidium (Elle Ronis x Blushing)
The Champion Seedling was won by Royale Orchids from a cross that is producing some excellent results. The parents are
Elle Ronis ‘Charmer’ x Blushing ‘Blushing’.
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The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
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Cymbidium Dural Dream ‘Picture’ Champion Large Standard was Cymbidium Dural Dream ‘Picture’ (Lunar Flame x Flaming Vulcan) flowered by Geoff LeMarne. This is another plant from the Wallace/ Giles stable.
Cymbidium Templestowe’s Charm ‘Baker’
Champion Intermediate Cymbidium, Champion Specimen Cymbidium and Reserve Champion of the Show were won by Victoria’s David Wain for his superbly flowered plant of Cymbidium Templestowe’s Charm ‘Baker’ (Akebono x Valley Olympic).
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Cymbidium Jacinta’s Pride ‘Jemima’ Champion Miniature was won by George Serhan for his plant of Jacinta’s Pride ‘Jemima’ (Jimbo Tupp x Khanebono) It is interesting to note that both the Champion Miniature and the Champion Intermediate were won by two of the new wave of cymbidium breeders. This is a positive development as some of the older breeders have retired or passed on but have been replaced by a new group of younger hybridisers.
It will be interesting to see the change over time when some of Andy Easton’s magnificent Cymbidium devonianum derived dark lipped pendulous hybrids and those from his tetraploid Amelia Earhart lines finally reach the show bench in Australia. How the over- worked judging panels will cope with a new style of cymbidium, not to mention the spotted and peloric types which don’t seem to fit into many of the judging schedules, we will have to wait and see.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
Cymbidium Clarence Flame Geoff LeMarne’s Clarence Flame, a cross made by Gordon Giles (Apache Flame x Foxfire Amber) clearly shows the influence of its Foxfire Amber parent. Many people seem to be under the misapprehension that either Gordon Giles or Kevin Hipkins made the Foxfire Amber cross.
Here is the real story. Kevin and I did a pollen swap many years ago. He wanted pollen from one of my greens and I wanted pollen from his Electric Ladyland ‘Peats Ridge’. I crossed Electric Ladyland onto three of my late varieties. One happened to be one of three Lunar Wall unflowered seedlings in bud that I purchased from Swane’s Nursery in Dural. I called the variety ‘Orange Moon’. It had very good shape, a tall arching stem and was a dusty yellowy orange colour.
We agreed to give each other a flask of each of the crosses we made from the pollen we exchanged. He, of course, ended up with a flask of the Foxfire Amber cross. When he flowered an excellent seedling, which was subsequently admired by Gordon Giles, who was breeding high colour flowers, he gave it to Gordon to use in his breeding programme. Gordon did use it for breeding and also mericloned the plant for general release giving it the varietal name ‘Dural’. That is the story of Foxfire Amber ‘Dural’.
It would be impossible to include photos of all the entries in the show so I am concentrating on the new and interesting and also flowers that appealed to me.
11
Cymbidium (Teddy Roosevelt
x Beaconfire) x Champagne Robin Cymbidium (Teddy Roosevelt x Beaconfire) x Champagne Robin, exhibited by Royale Orchids, from early Andy Easton breeding lines was an eyecatcher. Andy is now several generations ahead in this style both in Intermediate and Standard lines. If they catch on here like they have in the USA and Europe we will end up needing a separate class for the spotted types.
Cymbidium Mamalisa (Khan Fury ‘Neroli’ x Kuranulla ‘Maestro’). A very unusual colour from a very unusual cross exhibited by
A. Smyrnios from a cross bred by Central Coast grower John Gate.
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Cymbidium Coraki Glowing ‘Bee Jay’ (Lunar Advent x Glowing Sands). An intense and appealing yellow exhibited by Geoff Le Marne and bred by Bryants Orchids.
Cymbidium Dural Dream ‘Dural’ Another cross from the Wallace and Giles breeding programme, Cymbidium Dural Dream ‘Dural’ has the very round segment shape and well balanced labellum which is prized by many show growers. It only lacks in flower placement but I’m sure Gordon will be working on that.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
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Cymbidium (Kimberley Meadows x Paradise Island)
One of the huge greens that are coming from the Bryants nursery.
Cymbidium Louise Wainwright ‘Royale’ (Lunar Wall x Giant’s Causeway). One of the crosses bred > te and exhibited by Royale Orchids.
Cymbidium Lovely Angel ‘Corker’ exhibited by Brian Janes. A Bryant’s cross in the style of Lovely Angel ‘Bubbles’. A little small in the labellum but otherwise a classic shape and very well flowered.
Cymbidium Marilyn Thomas
‘Perfection’
(Vibrant Bliss x Pharaoh’s Star). Another cross from Bryant’s Orchids and exhibited by George Serhan. The cross is typical of Bryant’s high colour pathways which Greg Bryant has been pursuing in recent years.
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The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 - January 2019 15
Cymbidium (Minneken x Blazing Fury) This orchid, exhibited by D. Mitsios was a worthy contender in the specimen class.
Cymbidium Oriental Magic ‘Kirwin’ (Atlantic Crossing x Uluru). A striking brown bred and exhibited by David Wain.
THE WASP AND THE ORCHID
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This is the previously unwritten story of naturalist Edith Coleman who lived in Blackburn, Victoria, who was the first person to identify and describe, in 1927, the pollination of an orchid by pseudocopulation after careful observations of the tongue orchid ah pus lis leptochila. Edith was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion in 1949, the first woman to receive this honour. Who was Edith Coleman, this prolific and authoritative nature writer with no formal scientific education? After 20 years of detective work, Danielle Clode reconstructs Edith’s story in her refreshing and award-winning style. Hardcover 420 pages.
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Cymbidium Pure Origins ‘Leah’ (Dream Temple x Pure Bryants). Exhibited by Geoff LeMarne and bred by Bryants Orchids.
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Cymbidium Dural Arcadian Snow (Loch Watten x Pure Ransom). Another orchid from the Wallace and Giles nursery, this albino white certainly commanded attention.
Cymbidium Twilight in Gold ‘Royale’ (Autumn Crisp x Firewater). Bred by Andy Easton, and exhibited by Geoff LeMarne, this is proving to be a very good parent.
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Cymbidium Serhan’s Splendour (Serhan’s Passion x Khanebono) A mass of flowers exhibited and bred by Sydney’s George Serhan, one of the new breeders on the block.
Cymbidium (“Measles” x Champagne Robin)
“Measles” is an unregistered grex so it’s difficult to guess the parentage of this orchid. Champagne Robin is an Andy Easton cross which has sired many excellent spotted flowers. The plant was exhibited by Royale Orchids.
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The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
19
Dendrobium Pink Doll ‘Elegance’
Growing Softcane Dendrobiums
- including 10 most frequently asked Questions
Text and photos by David P. Banks
GS cone Dendrobiums is the common name given to this group of popular Southeast Asian epiphytic orchids. They are sometimes referred to as nobile-type Dendrobiums, as many of the hybrids have the species Dendrobium nobile in their pedigree. These are the “true” members of Dendrobium, as the Japanese Dendrobium moniliforme is regarded as the Type species of this genus. They are native to mountainous monsoonal regions that experience warm to hot humid and wet summers and a winter of little rain with mostly clear sunny days and cool to cold nights. This distinct weather pattern provides a significant key to their successful cultivation.
From a taxonomic viewpoint, a quick glance will see how different these true Dendrobium really are when compared with, say the pencil orchids of the genus Dockrillia. They look nothing alike, both florally and vegetatively.
The 10 main species that form the background of most Softcane Dendrobium hybrids in various percentages are:
¢ Dendrobium nobile
e Dendrobium heterocarpum
¢ Dendrobium findlayanum
¢ Dendrobium signatum
© Dendrobium regium
e Dendrobium moniliforme
¢ Dendrobium friedericksianum ¢ Dendrobium linawianum
¢ Dendrobium wardianum
¢ Dendrobium pendulum
Mid to late spring (October - November) is the main flowering season for Softcane Dendrobium hybrids. Often only the earlier blooming cultivars make it to most orchid society spring shows. I think this has stifled their popularity a bit, especially to those competitive orchid growers who enjoy benching their plants. The modern hybrids come in a wide range of colours and combinations, with the benefit of long lasting blooms that can last 6-8 weeks in prime condition.
Another positive is that they are very easy to grow, and adaptable to a range of climates throughout Australia. I know of successful growers from North Queensland right down the coast to Victoria and Tasmania, as well as South Australia and southwest Western Australia. Whilst they are easy to grow, that doesn’t mean they like neglect. Growers will be rewarded with the time and thought given to their plants.
Traditionally, most of the breeding of this group of orchids has been centred around Japan and Hawaii, primarily from the nursery Yamamoto Dendrobiums. They completely evolved the nobile type of Dendrobiums over the past half
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
century to produce hybrids that have been referred to as Yamamoto Type or Yamamoto Dendrobiums. During the mid to late 1980s, many of the latest cultivars were imported into Australia by Bananacoast Orchids at Coffs Harbour, NSW. Many of these have passed the test of time and are still being grown and are competitive on the showbench. Most importantly, they give much joy to gardeners and specialist orchid growers. Yamamoto Dendrobiums are producing simply amazing quality these days, but sadly many of these new elite cultivars are unavailable in Australia, due to the high costs and quarantine risks when importing orchids from overseas.
I first found myself interested in softcanes in the mid 1980s, you would occasionally see some nicely grown plants at orchid meetings. They were generally the older English style hybrids in various shades of pink and purple, which tended to grow quite tall as well. They definitely required staking, and often the blooms were only on the top half of the cane- like pseudobulb.
The Bicentennial AOC Conference and Show was held in Sydney in September 1988. One of the highlights was the outstanding display of Softcane Dendrobiums by Bananacoast Orchids. I was hooked! I took a few photos and made some notes on the varieties that interested me most. This display reinvigorated interest in these orchids in Australia, and a wide range of new and exciting cultivars were suddenly made available to orchid enthusiasts.
I concentrated on cultivars that had a predominance of the following characteristics:
¢ Clean, distinct colours (Colour is generally the first thing that is noticed. I wanted a wide range of colours and styles, often with contrasting labellums. I like strong and bright colours, but also appreciate the more subtle pastel tones and unusual colours.)
¢ Good shape (Part of my plant/orchid judging background comes in here. Ideally I like a flat balanced flower having broad overlapping segments with rounded edges. However many will forego poor shape for striking or unusual colours. Shape is more important to orchid growers who exhibit their plants competitively. The flower size just needs to be in proportion to the plant.)
e Floriferousness (Most softcanes produce 2-4 blooms on very short inflorescences, generally of the previous seasons leafless pseudobulbs. However the overall impact is dependent on the flowering along the entire cane. Many older varieties tend to only bloom on the top half or third of the matured growth. Select for cultivars that bloom the entire length of the pseudobulb. Some get taken by photos of single flowers of cultivars that are poor flowerers.)
21
e Ease of culture (This is a factor that many ignore, and what’s the point of having a great plant if you struggle to grow it! When grown well, many vigorous cultivars will produce two new growths each season, building quickly into showy specimen plants. Be wary of varieties that tend to throw more aerial growths, known by the Hawaiian word keiki, than flowers. Whilst this can often be environmental, often it is a genetic trait.
So I called into Bananacoast Orchids a couple of weeks after the show, on my way up to visit friends in Queensland for a holiday. Sandy and Ollie Anderson ran the specialist nursery and showed me around. Most of the blooms had finished but there were plenty of photos to admire. I told myself I would limit my purchases to 6 plants. I was restrained as I kept myself to those half a dozen selections, for now. Sandy suggested I pick the plants up on my way home in a week’s time. Great idea! Well a week later, on revisiting the nursery I somehow accumulated four foam boxes full of the latest and greatest in Softcane Dendrobiums! I quickly went from having a few to having an instant collection! Serious signs of a plant collector!
The growing advice at the time centred on small, squat pots. These would sit on upturned white polystyrene boxes that had precision holes cut to hold the pot snugly so the plants were top heavy and would invariably fall over. The white box also reflected light, which in theory should produce more flowers, with more light hitting the entire cane. Bananacoast used a potting mix of locally harvested native Casuarina bark mixed with perlite. Other growers at the time were using Cymbidium type mixes, or a peat and perlite mix.
Around the same time (late 1980s), Fred Jones — a stalwart member of Five Dock Orchid Society and OSNSW, encouraged my new found interest in these softcanes. He would hand me plastic bags at meetings with freshly divided divisions or aerials of selected varieties I just had to have. Some were from his own breeding, whilst several had been hybridised by Harry Spence in Queensland. Steve Clemesha gifted me with many named _ varieties of Dendrobium nobile and some of the related species.
Since that time there have only been two or three other major Softcane Dendrobium hybrid collections in the Sydney Region.
22
Dendrobium
Dendrobium Chorus Girl ‘Painted Lady’
In the early 1990s, Keith Ryan developed an interest in these colourful orchids, encouraged by an aerial of Dendrobium Pink Doll ‘Elegance’ from Bananacoast Orchids. Keith is a long standing member of Parramatta and District Orchid Society, having cultivated orchids for well over 50 years. He started with Cymbidiums, and many other miscellaneous and diverse genera (Odontoglossum, Cattleya, Masdevallia) but today specialises in Softcane Dendrobiums and a_ few native Dendrobium hybrids. I am proud to have helped Keith develop his collection back then with the gift of over 50 different cultivars. He grows these superbly and es has also made and registered a number of high quality hybrids.
Keith and Loma Oxley are also long time experienced orchid growers who have done much to promote these plants locally. They have also shared a number of their unique cultivars that they have bred and/or flowered themselves. I am very grateful to the Oxley’s for the many choice plants that have subsequently been incorporated to my ever expanding collection. Same with Lloyd Woolnough, who developed and shared many of his exclusive cultivars with Keith Ryan and I.
In recent years, Keith Ryan has made a number of new hybrids, concentrating on the yellow, gold and sunset shades. I have also made a few crosses that I have registered. Many of my registered hybrids have a “musical” influence in the name, mostly inspired by the 1980s. At the time when I was preparing the registrations, David Bowie diedsuddenly, so music buffs will note some of the references in the names.
Dendrobium Dorrigo ‘Roselands’
Dendrobium Felicity Fortescue ‘Pink Lady’
Most frequent Questions and Answers for Growing Softcane Dendrobiums
1. What is the best potting medium?
Most orchid growers tend to tinker with their mixes over the years. It’s amazing how many go full circle with their choices, often reverting to what they started with! It’s important for the mix to be well drained, aerated, be moisture retentive and last for at least 4 years. What I have been using for the past decade has been a mixture of roughly 75% medium grade pine bark, 15% coconut chip (8-12mm), 5% super course perlite and 5% round river pebbles (10mm).
2. What size pots should I use?
The old thinking was small pots, “they love being pot- bound”. I do not agree. I previously used squat pots with plenty of drainage. The roots would invariably escape out these holes and grow downwards as a curtain. Keith Ryan got me using larger, standard pots. His prize winning plants are amazing, and promotes “bigger pots = bigger plants’,
24
and strong plants in turn give more and larger flowers. Three decades ago, most of my plants were in 80mm, 100mm & 125mm squat pots. Today most mature plants are in 100mm, 125mm and 150mm standard black pots. I much prefer Port Pots for their sturdiness and durability. Whatever pot you choose, ensure there are ample drainage holes.
3. Potting On — what is it?
I start off many aerials/keikis and backcuts in 80mm and 100mm squat Port Pots. They generally only stay in this pot size for 12 months, 24 at most. When they are moved into larger pots, simply remove the plant with the mix, place in new pot and simply fill the gaps with fresh mix. Have the back of the plant near the edge of the pot, allowing more room for several seasons’ growth from the growing point of the plant. Spring is the ideal time to do this, but this may be done anytime through the year apart from late autumn and winter.
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&
a
Dendrobium Gladeview Sunset ‘Oakleigh’ ©
4. When should I repot and/or divide?
Firstly, if the plant is in poor health, has lost its roots, rot problems, or the potting mix had deteriorated, then it should have been repotted yesterday, regardless of time of year. Better to act upon it now than wait til the “right time” which may be too late for the plant to be saved. The ideal time for repotting is spring. That’s when the new roots are being produced and older ones become active again with green root tips. It’s also a time where the new growths have started. Be very careful when working with them, as they are very brittle and easily broken, robbing you of potential future flowers. Vigorous cultivars look good as multigrowth specimen plants. However if you wish to divide, take the entire plant out of the pot, shake off and remove old potting medium as best you can. Often giving the root mass a blast with the hose will facilitate this. Ideally don’t make divisions of less than four pseudobulbs/canes. Cut through with sterilised sharp precision secateurs. I find a knife gives too jagged a cut. Cut off half the root system, yes it will quickly replace those roots. Pot up the plant and use bamboo stakes and ties as required to prevent the plant from moving. (Don’t worry, many experienced growers cut ALL the roots off their Dendrobium speciosum when dividing after repotting.). Don’t throw the leafless back-half of the plant away. Pot it up, as it may likely shoot or throw a keiki or two. Plants don’t want to die!
5. How much light and air movement do they like?
Many of the Dendrobium species behind these hybrids grow in very breezy and exposed positions on trees in the wild. They love fresh moving air. Generally they grow in situations where they receive bright light, especially in the mornings. For optimum growth, and flowering potential, it is best to grow them in strong light — close to full sun, but shaded enough so they won’t burn on the hottest of summer days. Ideally positioned so that the light hits the whole cane, and not just the top of it. This is more a problem for plants growing
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
ona bench, as they are invariably crowded making it difficult for light to penetrate. In winter, many growers give their plants extra light by hanging their softcanes on the clothesline! I would never dare try that! Be careful though, as they do not like direct frost on them. Our plants in western Sydney take a 50 degree Celsius temperature variance throughout the year, having experienced brief extremes of -3°C in winter and 47°C in summer. I hang my plants using longhook wire hangers, off runs of barbed wire, in the shadehouse under 50% shadecloth that is over 30 years old and faded.
6. Should I water them in winter?
This is really a theory used throughout Europe, the UK and North America, where most horticulturalists have to grow softcanes in a temperature controlled and humid glasshouse. In these conditions, yes the plants need to be dried out, as in no watering, but the plants are sustained by the high humidity in such greenhouses. In Australia, most softcanes are grown outdoors or under shadecloth. Yes, when it rains they will get water. But winter rains are scarce in Australia, and the subsequent winds quickly dry the plants out anyway, especially when grown in a free draining medium. Even in the wild, whilst there is no rain as such, the absorbent roots collect moisture from the afternoon and evening mists that frequent their habitat. If you didn’t water your softcanes during the cooler months, the canes will shrivel, and your flowers in the spring will be reduced and half their normal size. Depending on the weather, I thoroughly water my softcanes (no fertiliser) about every three to four weeks, in the morning so plants are relatively dry by evening. Make sure you pick a day when it is sunny and the daytime temperatures are higher than average, and when there is no frost predicted for the following morning. Essentially the plants are never truly dormant, as they will take in moisture from the roots, but they certainly display less activity. Watering in winter does not encourage the production of aerial growths instead of spring flowers.
25
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7. How much water and fertiliser when they are actively growing?
I love to water; I find it incredibly therapeutic and a great time to observe, study and reflect. When grown in an open free-draining medium, as I do, it would be almost impossible to overwater these orchids. They require regular applications of good fresh water from early spring to mid autumn (September to April). Using a rose nozzle on the hose, I drench these plants when I water. Talso wet under the leaves as this helps deter red spider mite, mealy bugs and most scale insects. On average they would appreciate being irrigated once a week, at least. The time of day is not that important. When hot weather is expected, I like to give a thorough watering in the morning. During heat waves, watering every second day would be beneficial. I also like to mist the same plants (as opposed to watering into the pot) wetting the foliage, but only once the sun is no longer hitting the plants. I believe the plants recover and respond to the cooling off process that accompanies evaporation of the moisture off the leaves. Much the same way as you feel cool after stepping out of a shower, or exiting the ocean or a pool. Because we have poor water pressure, we rely on using controlled release fertiliser as a dressing on the top of the mix. Often this is called “slow release” but this is a bit of a misnomer. I like to use the low nitrogen 6 month Osmocote Exact, or similar Basacote. I use about 20 prills per 125mm pot to 40 prills per 150mm pot on average. I reapply this during flowering annually, so in October. This fertiliser should have expired by the end of March, which is ideal.
8. Why am I getting aerials (keikis) and no or few flowers?
There are numerous cultivars that are notorious for throwing lots of aerial growths, yet there are others that I have never seen produce a single keiki. These are often governed by genetic factors more so than cultural ones. However the main reasons for non flowering and excess aerial production comes down to plants being grown
too shaded, too much water in a poorly
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drained fine medium, too much fertiliser, and often propped up in a corner with little air circulation. Over fertilising or using too much nitrogen will give you soft lanky growth and increase the instance of aerials forming at the expense of flowers. Remember Softcane Dendrobiums love light and fresh air. If a plant that has seldom produced keikies suddenly produces more, it’s likely the root system has deteriorated with the plant needing to be inspected and probably repotted into fresh mix. If all the roots have been lost, the plant may be resurrected in a small pot of Sphagnum moss.
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9. How do I get maximum flowers?
I remember being told when I was younger that softcanes just needed three things to flower, light, light, and more light! Well it’s a bit more complex than that, but I took the hint. A common misconception is that fertiliser makes plants and orchids flower. This is not true. But if applied correctly; it can help speed and supplement a plant to reach maturity earlier, then giving it the potential of flowering. The main triggers that govern flowering in Softcane Dendrobiums are daylength, quality of light and seasonal temperature variations. Daylength dictates the plants growth cycle, from growth, to maturing, flower initiation and blooming. For backyard setups, daylength cannot be manipulated. It has far more influence than temperature. Softcanes love light. It is an established fact that plants grown in strong light produce more flowers than similar plants grown in the shade. As mentioned earlier, plants that receive bright light along the entire cane will produce more blooms than the same cultivar grown on a crowded bench where only the top third of the cane receives quality light. These orchids need a month of cool nights to initiate flowering. That’s why some growers in the tropical lowlands seldom bloom their plants yet grow like weeds. We are lucky that many parts of Australia have environmental conditions similar to what these Dendrobium species experience in the wild in Southeast Asia. The flowers will last for between four and eight weeks, depending on the variety and prevailing temperatures, as an unexpected heatwave will impact on their freshness. Blooms should be protected from rain, water and air conditioning. They last best if the flowers are kept cool and dry, but keep watering the potting medium as blooming takes a lot of energy and moisture out of the plant. Make sure all flowering stems are staked and tied up, as they will become top- heavy and bend or snap if not supported.
10. What hybrids and cultivars should I grow?
Firstly, you should aim to grow what you like, or at least what you like and are available. Many of the newest and outstanding Yamamoto hybrids from Hawaii are not in Australia at this stage. They really need an agent in Australia, or the other way around! Select varieties you wish to cultivate for your own
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Dendrobium Hamana Lake ‘Dream’
Dendrobium Hills District Gold ‘David's Gold”
Joyce Spence ‘Sugar Plum’
Dendrobium Kiandra * * ‘Very Becoming,
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Dendrobium — White Pearl
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Abstract
Dipodium hamiltonianum Bailey is characterised in the strict sense and a previously confused species, that is widely, but disjunctly, distributed along the Great Dividing Range of eastern Australia is described as new. The new species, which is localised and rarely common, is conserved in several National Parks.
Key Words
Orchidaceae, Dipodium — hamiltonianum, Dipodium interaneum, new species, conserved, Australian flora, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria.
Introduction
Dipodium in Australia consists of 11 species, ten of which are endemic. Continuing studies into the genus have shown that two morphologically recognisable entities occur within the taxon previously recognised as Dipodium hamiltonianum Bailey. Dipodium hamiltonianum is characterised in the strict sense in this paper and a segregate species, Dipodium interaneum, is described as new.
_ Taxonomy
1. Dipodium hamiltonianum Bailey, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 6: 140-143 (1881).
Type: Stradbroke Island, Qld. B.Scortechini 2 FM.Bailey (holo BRI!). Dipodium punctatum (Smith) R.Br. var. hamiltonianum (Bailey) Bailey, Syn. Queensl. Flora 517 (1883).
Illustrations: Page 271, Jones (2006).
Description: Glabrous terrestrial leafless herb growing singly or scattered in small loose groups. Basal bracts 5 to 8 in a closely imbricate group, ovate-deltate, appressed to the stem, to 15 mm long and 18 mm wide, pale greenish to pale yellow, fleshy, apex obtuse. Stem bracts 5-8, similar in shape and size to basal bracts, fleshy, concave, base encircling the stem, apex spreading, acute to obtuse. Inflorescence 30-90 cm tall, fleshy, pale green to yellowish green, bearing 15-30 flowers in a
38
2
[p= Qo
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1)
Dipodium hamiltonianum in habitat, _
near Noosa, Qid
(>) B))
relatively crowded raceme; peduncle shorter than or about as long as the rachis. Fertile bracts narrowly ovate-deltate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 mm long, concave, the base encompassing the base of the pedicel, apex acute to acuminate. Pedicels 5-15 mm long, slender, twisted, straight or curved, greenish. Ovaries oblong to narrowly obovoid, 5-7 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, smooth, greenish yellow. Flowers 30-40 mm across, greenish yellow with numerous, large, irregularly shaped (often irregularly linear), purplish red blotches up to c. 2mm long. Tepals spreading widely, shallowly curved, tips often recurved. Dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, 18-24 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, apex obtuse to subacute. Lateral sepals narrowly ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, 19-26 mm long, 4.5-6 mm wide, asymmetrical, widely divergent, apex obtuse to subobtuse. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, 19-25 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, asymmetric, divergent, obtuse to subobtuse. Labellum porrect in front of the flower, 14-17 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, yellowish green with a few coarse purplish spots and mauve hairs on the callus; lateral lobes closely flanking the column, obliquely erect, oblong, 4-5 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, inner base densely puberulous, papillate distally, apex broadly obtuse to truncate, irregularly dentate; midlobe elliptical, 12-14 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, apex upcurved, subobtuse when flattened, central margins recurved. Labellum hairs c. 0.5-2 mm long, mostly erect but becoming entangled, extending in a central band more or less from the apex of the callus to the apex of the midlobe, the longest hairs towards the labellum apex, overall forming a dense patch most prominent in the distal third of the midlobe. Callus c. 7-8 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide, consisting of a tapered base c. 7 mm long which is densely pubescent in the distal two-thirds, ending in two linear-tapered, divergent, densely pubescent lobes c. 1.5-2 mm long. Colunin porrect from the end of the ovary, 9-11 mm long, c. 3.5 mm wide, white, fleshy, with a large, densely pubescent patch on the proximal half of the anterior surface, saccate at the base. Anther cap c. 2 mm long, c. 1.8 mm wide, with a shortly beaked rostrum. Stigma elliptical, c. 1.8 mm across, deeply sunken. Pollinarium c. 0.8 mm long; retinaculum ovate, c. 0.4 mm across; caudicles c. 0.7 mm long; pollinia ellipsoid, c. 0.5 mm long, waxy, dark yellow. Capsules pendulous, ovoid to obovoid, 16-22 mm long,
8-10 mm wide, yellowish green, smooth. Fig. 1.
Distribution: Restricted to coastal parts of the Wide Bay District and Moreton Districts of south-eastern Queensland including several islands (Fraser Is., Rainbow Beach, Maaroom, Coolum to Benowa, Bribie Is., North Stradbroke Is., Peel Is., Russell Is.).
Habitat: This orchid grows in dense flat coastal habitats covered in dense vegetation, including wallum, heathland, heathy scrub and heathy forest in sands and sandy loams that range from well drained to moisture- retentive’ and even semi-swampy. Altitude 10-150 m.
Flowering period: December.
October to
Recognition: Characterised by its greenish yellow flowers heavily marked with large purplish-red blotches, oblong lateral lobes on the labellum with a truncate to broadly obtuse and irregularly lobed apex, callus ending in two narrowly tapered, divergent ridges 1.5-2 mm long and labellum hairs 0.5-2 mm long.
Conservation status: This species has a restricted distribution and occurs in an area of rampant urbanisation with an incredible loss of habitat over recent decades. I suggest a conservation status of vulnerable would be appropriate following the criteria of Briggs and Leigh (1996).
Etymology: Named after James Hamilton, one-time superintendent of the Benevolent Asylum, Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island in south-eastern Qld.
Other specimens: Qld. Currimundi, 15 Nov.
D.L.Jones 3794 P.D.Jones (CANB 674523).
1987,
Dipodium hamiltonianum, near Noosa, Qid (DLJ)
Dipodiam hamiltonianum, _ Karawatha Forest, Qld ~ oe
Dipodium Farnico Mam f ‘i in habitat, } ; near Noosa, Qid 3 (DLJ)
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XA va <=, SSS
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Dipodium hamiltonianum, Currimundi, Qld, DLJ 3794. (Fig. 1.) a. flowering plant; b. flower from front; c. flower from side; d. labellum from above; e. labellum from side; f. longitudinal section of labellum; g. column and labellum from above; h. column and labellum from side; i. apex of labellum callus; j. labellum hairs; k. column from front; |. column from side; m. anther cap; n. pollinarium; o. pedicel and ovary; p. ovary; q. dorsal sepal; r. lateral sepal; s. petal. © D.L.Jones, drawn 16/11/1987.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019 41
2. Dipodium interaneum D.L.Jones sp. nov. With affinity to Dipodium hamiltonianum Bailey but differing by its yellow to orange-yellow flowers adorned with small dark red speckles, streaks and other markings (greenish yellow flowers heavily marked with large purplish-red blotches in Dipodium hamiltonianum), oblong to narrowly spathulate lateral lobes on the labellum with an obtuse to subacute apex (oblong with a truncate to broadly obtuse irregularly lobed apex in Dipodium hamiltonianum), callus ending in two widely divergent to outcurved cuneate/deltate lobes 1-1.5 mm long (callus ending in two narrowly tapered, divergent ridges 1.5-2 mm long in Dipodium hamiltonianum) and labellum hairs 0.3-1 mm long (0.5-2 mm long in Dipodium hamiltonianum).
Type: New South Wales. Central Western Slopes, c. 33 km N along Newell Highway from Oxley Highway junction, 28 Dec. 1993, D.L.Jones 12768 (holo CBG 9603674), iso BRI, MEL, NSW.
Dipodiuminteraneum, j 25km SE of Bundarra, NSW (LC)
Illustrations: (all as Dipodium hamiltonianum), page 164, Backhouse & Jeanes (1995); plate 478, Bishop (1996); page 295, Jeanes & Backhouse (2006); page 272, Jones (2006); pages 104-05, Jones et al. (2008).
Description: Glabrous terrestrial leafless herb growing singly or scattered in small loose groups. Basal bracts 7 to 15 ina closely imbricate group, ovate-deltate, appressed to the stem, to 18 mm long and 20 mm wide, cream to white, fleshy, apex obtuse or irregular. Stem bracts 5-8, similar in shape and size to basal bracts, fleshy, concave, base encircling the stem, apex spreading, obtuse. Inflorescence 30-90 cm tall, fleshy, yellow to yellowish green, bearing 15-30 flowers in an open loose raceme; peduncle shorter than the rachis. Fertile bracts narrowly ovate-deltate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, concave, the base encompassing the base of the pedicel, apex acute to acuminate. Pedicels 5-12 mm long, slender, twisted, straight or curved, yellow to greenish yellow. Ovary oblong to narrowly obovoid, 5-8 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, smooth, yellow to greenish yellow. Flowers 30-40 mm across, yellow to orange-yellow, sometimes greenish yellow soon after opening, adorned with relatively small dark red speckles and markings up to c. 0.5 mm long. Tepals spreading widely, shallowly curved, tips generally shallowly recurved. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong to narrowly linear- obovate, 18-24 mm long, 4.5-5.5 mm wide, apex obtuse to subacute. Lateral sepals narrowly linear-obovate to narrowly linear-spathulate, 19-26 mmlong, 4.5-5.5 mm wide, asymmetrical, widely divergent, apex obtuse to subobtuse. Petals narrowly linear-spathulate, 18-24 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, asymmetric, divergent, obtuse to subobtuse. Labellum porrect in front of the flower, 16-19 mm long, 4.5-5.5 mm wide, white with mauve hairs on the callus; lateral lobes closely flanking the column, obliquely erect, oblong to narrowly spathulate, 4-5 mm long, 1-1.4 mm wide, inner base shortly puberulous, apex obtuse to subacute, entire; midlobe elliptical, 10-12 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, apex shallowly upcurved, subobtuse when flattened, proximal and central margins recurved. Labellum hairs . c. 0.3-1 mm long, mostly erect but becoming entangled, extending in a central band more or less from the apex of the callus to the apex of the midlobe, the longest hairs towards the labellum apex, overall forming a dense patch most prominent in the distal half of the midlobe. Callus c. 8-9 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, consisting of a tapered base c. 7 mm long which is shortly pubescent in the distal half and ending in two widely divergent to outcurved, shortly. pubescent, cuneate/deltate lobes c. 1-1.5 mm long. Column porrect from the end of the ovary, 8-9 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, white, fleshy, narrowing in at the base, with a relatively small shortly pubescent patch on the proximal half of the anterior surface, saccate at the base. Anther cap 2.3-2.5 mm long, c. 1.8 mm wide, with a long beaked rostrum. Stigma elliptical, c. 1.8 mm across, deeply sunken. Pollinarium c. 1.2-1.3 mm long; retinaculum ovate, c. 0.5 mm across; caudicles c. 1-1.2 mm long; © pollinia ellipsoid, c. 0.5 mm long, waxy, dark yellow. Capsules pendulous, ovoid to obovoid, 16-22 mm long, 8-9 mm wide, yellow, often with small warty excrescences. Fig. 2.
Distribution: Qld, where known from several records in the tropics (Cape York, Weipa, Portland Roads, Laura) with an apparent gap in recordings that extends to central-western areas where it is distributed more or less from Theodore to Roma and also around Stanthorpe; NSW (Tenterfield and other localities on the New England Tableland, Coonabrabran to Parkes); ACT (near Tidbinbilla); Vic, north-east (Beechworth, Corryong, Burrowa- Pine Mountain, Chiltern, near Wulgulmerang); 150-800m alt.
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Dipodium interaneum, 25km SE of Bundarra, NSW (LC)
Habitat: Widespread but rarely abundant and most commonly found on the ranges and tablelands well inland from the coast, growing in areas of rainshadow and other drier sites, often among rocks and boulders, including granite. The plants grow on ridges, saddles and slopes in open sparse woodland or forested habitats, often with box-eucalypts, scribbly gums and native pines. Soils are always freely draining and often skeletal with a thin layer of surface mulch. Soil types include loams, clay loams, sands and gravelly or stony soils. Some tropical records are reportedly from grassy habitats close to stream banks (but see Notes on next page).
Flowering period: November to March.
Recognition: Plant leafless; flowers yellow to orange-yellow with small dark red speckles, streaks and spots; sepals and petals spreading, the tips shallowly recurved; labellum to 18 x 5 mm, white with mauve hairs to 1 mm long; lateral lobes apices blunt to pointed; callus to ending in two outcurved more or less triangular lobes 1-1.5 mm long; labellum white with mauve hairs to 1mm long; callus to 9 x 3 mm, hairy in distal half, ending in two triangular lobes 1-1.5 mm long.
\ Dipodiuminteraneum,
Emmaville, NSW (LC)
Similar species: Confused with Dipodium hamiltonianum which occurs in coastal habitats of south-eastern Qld and is distinguished from the new species by its greenish yellow flowers heavily marked with large purplish-red blotches, oblong lateral lobes on the labellum with a truncate to broadly obtuse and irregularly lobed apex, labellum hairs 0.5-2 mm long and the labellum callus ending in two narrowly tapered, divergent ridges 1.5-2 mm long. Dipodium hamiltonianum also flowers earlier than the new species.
Comparative habitat features: Dipodium hamiltonianum is found in areas of medium to high regular rainfall and grows in dense lowland coastal habitats in moist to semi-wet sands. This contrasts markedly with the inland distribution of Dipodium interaneum which occurs in areas of much lower and less reliable rainfall and grows in open sparsely vegetated habitats in coarse substrates that drain rapidly after rain.
Notes on Queensland distribution: This species has an unusual distribution in Qld where it has been recorded from a few sites in the tropical far north with a large gap between these northern records and its reappearance in central-western Qld and areas further south. Comparative morphological and genetic studies of plants from the tropics and those further south are needed to check the taxonomic status of the plants occurring in the tropics.
Taxonomy: This species has often been linked with Dipodium punctatum presumably because of general similarity in floral features (a feature of the genus). For a comparative study of both species see Jones & Logan (1971).
Dipodium intéraneum, Emmaville, NSW (LC) r
Dipodium interaneum, near Coonabarabran, NSW (LC)
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Conservation status: Endangered in Vic.
Etymology: The Latin interanea, inward, interior, referring to the inland distribution of this species, especially significant when compared with the distribution of Dipodium hamiltonianum.
Other specimens: NSW. Southern outskirts of Coonabarabran, 28 Dec. 1993, D.L.Jones 12767 (CBG 9603673); c. 38 km N of Mendooran towards Coonabarabran, 1 Jan. 1994, D.L.Jones 12801 (CBG 9603707).
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Mark Clements for discussion on. this genus, Emma Toms for help with locating specimens at CANB, Brendan Lepschi for facilitating access to
specimens at CANB and Barbara Jones and Lachlan Copeland for commenting on the manuscript. Lachlan Copeland, Glenn Leiper and Michael Somerville also kindly provided photographs for this paper.
____Dipodium interaneum, ~_ near Kingstown, NSW a)
Sag
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Dipodium interaneum, near Kingstown, NSW (MS)
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References e Backhouse, G. & Jeanes, J. (1995). The Orchids of Victoria, The Miegunyah Press, Carlton, Victoria.
e Bishop, A. (1996). Field Guide to the Orchids of New South Wales and Victoria, University of New South Wales Press.
¢ Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants, revised edition (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood).
e Jeanes, J. & Backhouse, G. (2006). Wild Orchids of Victoria, Australia, Aquatic Photographs, Seaford, Australia.
e Jones, D.L. & Logan, A.E. (1971). A field study of Dipodium hamiltonianum F.M. Bailey in southern NSW, The Orchadian 4(1): 2-6.
e Jones, D.L. (2006). A Complete Guide to the Native Orchids of Australia, including the Island Territories, Reed New Holland, Australia.
e Jones, D.L., Egan & Wood, T. (2008). Field Guide to the Orchids of the Australian Capital Territory, National Parks Association, Canberra. |
David L. Jones | 4 are He ey Kalaru, NSW, 2550 Ms) 9 7
Email: dabajones@bigpond.com
Dipodium interanepmp near Kingstown, Ns
Australian
EI CONTRIBUTIONS Please ensure that all slides, photographs
and electronic files are clearly marked with the author's name and address
Address editorial to: David P. Banks (Editor) Australian Orchid Review 39 Carole Street, Seven Hills NSW 2147 AUSTRALIA Email: david@hillsdistrictorchids.com
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Dipodium interaneum, Carabost, NSW, A.Logan. (Fig. 2.)
a. flowering plant; b. flower from front; c. flower from side; d. labellum from above; e. labellum from side; f. column and labellum from above; g. column and labellum from side; h. labellum callus and lateral lobes; i. column from front; j. column from side; k. longitudinal section of column; |. anther cap; m. pollinarium; n. pedicel and ovary; 0. capsule; p. dorsal sepal; q. lateral sepal; r. petal. © D.L.Jones, drawn 1/2/1986.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019 47
The Ol
bad frost
of 2018
Text and photos by James Indsto
onday morning 3 weeks ago (168 July) was the coldest
morning in many years. My garden in Pennant Hills got down to -4°C. This is unusually cold for my area. The coldest similar morning I can recall was about -2°C in July 2007. That frost was much less damaging. The ground and all foliage I could see that cold morning recently was coated in ice, but being a very still and dry morning there wasn’t a great quantity of ice to be seen. A couple of days later the damage was clearly visible. A large umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla) had most of its leaves damaged. My lawn is now covered with the dead leaves. Many other tropical plants were affected e.g. Hibiscus, Eupatorium megalophyllum (mist flower) and Eranthemum pulchellum. Surprisingly, other tropical plants seemed fine e.g. Citrus and Ruellia macrantha. I had a nice Camellia with flowers open. These flowers burnt and dropped off. However, buds were not damaged and a week later I had fresh blooms. Similarly, some of my orchids were damaged and others not. In some cases it depended on the specific location whether or not damage occurred. Fortunately, there were very few orchid fatalities, but it may take a couple of years before some recover fully. I thought I would put my observations together here in the hope that this might help people save plants in the future.
One thing I learnt from 2007 was that Cymbidium flower sprays don’t like sub-zero temperatures. In that -2°C frost I didn’t move plants and some were in a fairly open situation in the garden where they had little protection. What I noticed was that where the flower buds were exposed they were hit by the frost. Flower buds still within their protective sheaths were OK. I expected colder temperatures for July 16 this year, so I moved plants in spike up near the house on my raised deck. These plants experienced virtually no damage. I wish I had moved more plants! One unfortunate casualty was my Laelia gouldiana which had put on a nice show recently in June. It was in an open situation. I thought it was tough, but it clearly has its limits!
Below: Laelia gouldiana in June 2018 and in July 2018. What a difference a frost makes! This plant will recover but will take a couple of years to be 100%.
Native Dendrobiums such as Dendrobium kingianum generally coped quite well. However, even tough plants such as Dendrobium speciosum out in the open experienced damage. In the photo below left is a plant of Dendrobium speciosum with some frost damage, which is growing in the open garden. A plant of the same clone nestled underneath a large Grevillea was undamaged (right photo). At least the flowers won't be affected (fingers crossed that no more hard frosts happen). Both of these plants are spiking up nicely.
Above: Cool growing Australian Dendrobium species such as Dendrobium speciosum are generally fine in my garden. Whether such plants were damaged depended on their location.
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Above: This Dendrobium denneanum (left photo) was in a fairly exposed position and suffered some frost damage to leaves. The stems are undamaged. | expect it will recover quickly in the spring. A hybrid Cymbidium orchid next it has burnt leaves. A Dendrobium chrysotoxum (right photo) nestled
among large shrubs was undamaged.
Some plants are more tolerant of cold than others. A frosty night can be an education as to which plants are more sensitive!
Above: This Coelogyne flaccida (left photo) is growing in a crepe myrtle tree near my house and experienced no frost damage. Unfortunately this Coelogyne tomentosa (right photo) just 1m from it was almost defoliated!
A number of factors can determine whether frost damage occurs, or the extent to which it occurs. Plants grown in strong light are generally more resistant to cold. In my garden a large shrub, Melastoma affine growing in bright sun suffered minimal damage. A couple of young plants in shade were defoliated and may not survive. Strong light enables plants to accumulate sugars and other substances which give some cold protection. Cover for plants such as shade cloth gives good protection. Being in the proximity of bushy plants provides a remarkable degree of protection. A hard frost generally occurs on a very still night. Cold air flows to the lowest part of a garden and may form a frost hollow. Plants in a depression may be much more affected than plants in a higher position. A large structure such as a house, especially with masonry walls which absorb heat during the day will provide protection on a cold night. Moving plants up near the house, especially in a northern aspect and raised position will provide protection. Covering plants with a plastic sheet, blanket or shadecloth will also provide temporary protection.
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
Lastly, of course, bringing plants inside will be safest of all, provided you have the room! All this advice is moot of course if you are not aware of an impending hard frost, so keeping an eye on weather forecasts during cold spells is a good idea so you can have advance warning.
(This article was first published in the Orchid SPECIES (NSW) Inc. newsletter in August 2018 and is reproduced with permission.) |
James Indsto Pennant Hills, NSW Email: james.indsto@optusnet.com.au
49
Pecteilis Raf.
Orchideae):
a molecular phylogenetic based determination of their status in Australian Orchidaceae
by Mark A. Clements and David L. Jones
Abstract
A recent comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the subtribe Orchidinae confirmed that Habenaria is polyphyletic and provided strong support for an expanded recognition of the concept of the genus Pecteilis. Since most of the Australian species currently assigned to Habenaria fit within the circumscription of Pecteilis the following new combinations are required. A synopsis of Australian species arising from the change in generic concepts of the Orchidinae is also provided. New combinations for exotic species of Pecteilis identified in this study are also provided.
Introduction
Molecular phylogenetic analyses using seven DNA markers (plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL-F, trnH-psba, and nuclear nrITS, Xdh) of 400 species representative of most taxa across the spectrum of species assigned to the Orchidiinae: Orchideae (Jin et al. 2017) confirmed that the traditional held interpretation of the cosmopolitan genus Habenaria Willd. represents a polyphyletic assemblage of at least five major lineages split into two distant clades: one Asian—Australian and the other African—American—Asian. Peristylus Blume and Dilomeris D.Don are sister to Herminium L. plus the Asian— Australian Habenaria; two the African—American—Asian clade where one lineage contains H. macroceratilis Willd. the designated type of the genus Habenaria. Two well established recognised genera, notably Peristylus Blume and Dilomeris D.Don are intermediate to the two Habenaria major clades. One of the species included in these analyses is H. propinquior F.Muell. an Australian species that inhabits areas in tropical NE Australia. This species was deeply embedded within the very strongly supported (1.0/99/100) and well isolated clade identified as clade XXIII with 32 other Habenaria species. Deeply embedded within this clade were six samples of Pecteilis Raf. including four samples of the type species for that genus P. sussanae Raf. Clade XXVI contained Dilomeris.
; Pecteilis susannae, the Type species of the genus
50
Clade XXV Peristylis. Clade XXIV another group of Habenaria species with opposite ovate leaves.
In the African—American—Asian Clade XXVII, subclade 1 in which H. macroceratilis is situated in addition it also contains H. foliosa A.Rich. and H. stenopetala Lindl. Both species have been examined as possible representatives of plants collected in Australia (Clements 1989). The type specimen for H. foliosa was examined as a possible earlier described species morphologically similar to that of H. hymenophylla F.Muell. and H. stenopetala Lindl. was checked against specimens of H. maccraithii Lavarack.
Although Jin etal. (2017) clearly had sufficient compelling supportive evidence to address the situation identified with Habenaria they failed to do so instead stating that Splitting Habenaria into two genera based on morphological characters and geographical distribution may be the least disruptive approach. Our own preliminary studies of Habenaria and related taxa based on analysis of sequences obtained from GenBank, plus those generated from specimens of 18 species undertaken a decade ago based solely on results generated using sequences just from ITS, yielded remarkably similar results. Since the published results of Jin et al. (2017) are based on seven different DNA markers and are so strong and compelling, it seems logical in line with the suggestion of these authors to recognise these various clades as genera that also equate with the treatment of many other taxa in the tree in particular the set of essentially European orchids including the type genus of the whole family Orchis and its close allies Anacamptis, Himanotglossum and Ophrys for which there is weaker support for the continued recognition of some of these taxa.
Jin etal. (2017) could just not bring themselves to recognise the obvious that Habenaria was polyphyletic. Instead they went to great lengths to first outline and then justify the maintenance of this and other taxa on the mistaken entirely artificial concept of the maintenance of the status quo as recommended in the ICBN. Szlachetko has in a whole series of articles, on the basis of studies of floral morphology, recognised or created a plethora of genera in Habaneriinae (Orchideae). A comparison of text with the results generated by Jin et al. (2017) reveals very little correlation.
In line with the continued evolution of nomenclature of the Australian and other Orchidaceae based on results generated from molecular phylogenetic analyses of single or preferably multigene analyses, the following synopsis and changes of Australian and related taxa in Habeneria are proposed.
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TAXONOMY
Synopsis of Australian Orchideae
Cooktownia D.L.Jones, Austrobaileya 5(1): Type: Cooktownia roberstii D.L.Jones.
Cooktownia_ roberstii D.L.Jones, 74-77 (1997).
Habenaria Willd., Sp. pl. 4(1): 5, 44 (1805). Type species: (Orchis habenaria L.) Habenaria macroceratitis Willd.
Habenaria hymenophylla Schitr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beth. 9: 212 (1911).
Habenaria maccraithii Lavarack, Orchadian 7(12): 278-9 (1984) (as “macraithii”).
Pecteilis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 37 (1837) Type species: Pecteilis susanne (Blume) Raf.
Pecteilis chlorosepala (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria chlorosepala D.L.Jones, Orchadian 12(10): 461-464, f., t. (1998).
Pecteilis elongata (R.Br.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria elongata R.Br., Prod. 313 (1810).
Pecteilis euryloba (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria euryloba D.L.Jones, Orchadian 13(11): 516-517, f.1 (2002).
Pecteilis eurystoma (Schitr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria eurystoma Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 10: 248 (1912).
Pecteilis exilis (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria exilis D.L.Jones, Orchadian 12(10): 464-465, f., t. (1998).
Pecteilis ferdinandi (Schitr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria ferdinandi Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 10: 249 (1912).
Pecteilis fuscina (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria fuscina D.L.Jones, Orchadian 13(11): 517-518, f.2 (2002).
Pecteilis harroldii (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria harroldii D.L.Jones, Orchadian 12(9): 414-417, f., t. (1998).
Pecteilis ochroleuca (R.Br.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb.
Prod.
71-78 (1997).
Austrobaileya 5(1):
nov. Basionym: Habenaria ochroleuca R.Br., 313 (1810). Pecteilis -praecox (Lavarack & Dockrill) M.A.Clem. &
D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria praecox Lavarack et Dockrill., Austrobaileya 5(2): 331-335, f£.1 (1999).
Pecteilis propinquior (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria propinquior Rchb.f., Beitr. Syst. Pflanzenk. 53 (1871).
Pecteilis rumphii (Brogn.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria rumphii (Brogn.) Lindl., Gen. sp. orchid. pl. 320 (1835).
Pecteilis triplonema (Schltr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria triplonema Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 9: 435 (1911).
Pecteilis vatia (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria vatiaD.L.Jones ex M.T.Mathieson, Austrobaileya 9(3); 461 (June 2015).
Pecteilis xanthantha (F.Muell.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria xanthantha F.Muell., Fragm. 7: 16 (1869).
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Exotic species
Pecteilis acuifera (Wall. ex Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria acuifera Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 325 (1835).
Pecteilis anomaliflora (Kurzweil & Chantanaorr) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria anomaliflora Kurzweil & Chantanaorr., Gard. Bull. Singapore 60: 373 (2009).
Pecteilis baeuerlenii (F.Muell. & Kraenzl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria baeuerlenii F.Muell. & Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 488 (1893).
Pecteilis beccarii (Schltr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria beccarti Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 337 (1911).
Pecteilis cambodiana (Gagnep.) Aver., Prelim. list Vietnam Orchids 2: 118 (1988).
Pecteilis carnea (Weathers) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria carnea Weathers, Gard. Chron. (ser. 3), 10: 729 (1891).
Pecteilis cephalotes (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb.
nov. Basionym: Habenaria cephalotes Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 322 (1835).
Pecteilis ciliolaris (Kraenzl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria ciliolaris Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 169 (1892).
Pecteilis cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Aver., Prelim. list Vietnam Orchids 2: 119 (1988).
Pecteilis commelinifolia (Roxb.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones,
comb. nov. Basionym: Orchis commelinifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 451 (1832).
Pecteilis crassilabia (Kraenzl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb.
nov. Basionym: Habenaria crassilabia Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 108 (1921).
Pecteilis crinifera (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones; comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria crinifera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 323 (1835).
Pecteilis delavayi (Finet) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria delavayi Finet, Rev. Gén. Bot. 13: 527 (1902).
Pecteilis dentata (Sw.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Orchis dentata Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 207 (1800).
Pecteilis elliptica (Wight) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria elliptica Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 5: t. 1706 (1851).
Pecteilis finetiana (Schltr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria miersiana var. yunnanensis Finet, J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 341 (1898); Habenaria finetiana Schlitr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beth. 4: 126 (1919).
Pecteilis fordii (Rolfe) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria fordii Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896: 202 (1896).
Pecteilis furcifera (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria furcifera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 319 (1835).
Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf., FI. Tellur. 2: 38 (1837).
Pecteilis hawkesiana (King & Pantl.) C.S.Kumar, Nordic J. Bot. 22: 526 (2002 publ. 2003).
51
Pecteilis henryi Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 45 (1919).
Pecteilis iyoensis (Ohwi) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Peristylus iyoensis Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 12: 382 (1936).
Pecteilis leptophylla (Renz) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria elongata var. leptophylla Renz, Pl. Syst. Evol. 155: 330 (1987).
Pecteilis linearifolia (Maxim.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria linearifolia Maxim., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 269 (1859).
Pecteilis linguella (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria linguella Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 325 (1835).
Pecteilis lobbii (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria lobbii Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 50 (1876).
Pecteilis longicorniculata (J.Graham) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay: 202 (1839).
Pecteilis longifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria longifolia Buch.- Ham. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 334 (1835).
Pecteilis lucida (Wall. ex Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria lucida Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 319 (1835).
Pecteilis malintana (Blanco) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Thelymitra malintana Blanco, FI. Filip.: 642 (1837).
Pecteilis marginata (Colebr.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria marginata Colebr. in W.J.Hooker, Exot. Fl.: t. 136 (1824).
Pecteilis medioflexa (Turrill) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria medioflexa Turrill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 118 (1923).
Pecteilis medusa (Kraenzl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria medusa Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 203 (1892).
Pecteilis mutica (Span.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria mutica Span., Linnaea 15: 477 (1841).
Pecteilis myriotricha (Gagnep.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria myriotricha Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 78: 72 (1931).
Pecteilis ophiocephala (W.W.Sm.) Ormerod, Taiwania 57: 122 (2012).
Pecteilis dentata, Southeast Asia
Pecteilis parageniculata (Tang & ET.Wang) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria parageniculata Tang & ET.Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 137 (1936).
Pecteilis parvipetala (J.J.Sm.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria parvipetala J.J.Sm., Orch. Java: 41- 42 (1905).
Pecteilis plantaginea (Lind].) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 323 (1835).
Pecteilis plurifoliata (Tang & ET.Wang) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria_ plurifoliata Tang & RT.Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 40 (1940).
Pecteilis praetermissa (Seidenf.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria praetermissa Seident., Opera Bot. 114: 60 (1992).
Pecteilis radiata (Thunb.) Raf., FI. Tellur. 2: 38 (1837).
Pecteilis reflexa (Blume) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria reflexa Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 403 (1825).
Pecteilis rhodocheila (Hance) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria rhodocheila Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 5, 5: 243 (1866).
Pecteilis rostellifera (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria rostellifera Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburg.: 34 (1878).
Pecteilis roxburghii M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, nom. nov. Basionym: Orchis roxburghii Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 503 (1807), nom. superfl.; Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson in C.J.Saldanha & D.H. Nicolson, Fl. Hassan Distr.: 834 (1976).
Pecteilis sagittifera (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria sagittifera Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 334 (1845).
Pecteilis suaveolens (Dalzell) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 263 (1850).
Pecteilis susannae (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 38 (1837) (as ‘susanna’).
Pecteilis tonkinensis (Seidenf.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria tonkinensis Seident., Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 114 (1977).
Pecteilis trichosantha (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria trichosantha Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 324 (1835).
Pecteilis triflora (D.Don) Tang & F.T.Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 62 (1951).
Pecteilis yachangensis (Z.B.Zhang & W.Guo) M.A.Clem. & D.LJones, comb. nov. Basionym: Habenaria yachangensis Z.B.Zhang & W.Guo, Phytotaxa 192: 112 (2015).
Peristylus Blume, Bijdr, 6: t. 1, f. 30; 8: 404 (1825) (nom. cons.). Type species: Peristylus grandis Blume (type cons.). (3 species)
Peristylus banfieldii (F.M.Bailey) Lavarack, Austrobaileya 1(4): 38 (1981).
Peristylus candidus J.J.Sm., Orchid. Java 6: 36 (1905).
Peristylus chlorandrellus D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., Orchadian 14(8): Sci. Suppl. x-xi (June 2004).
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Dr Russell Barrett for checking and comments on this manuscript.
References
¢ Jin, Wei-Tao, Schuiteman, A., Chase, M.W., Li, J-W., Chung, S-W., Hsu, T-C and Jin, X-H. (2017). Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae) based on seven markers (plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL-F, trnH-psba, and nuclear nrITS, Xdh): implications for generic delimitation. BMC Plant Biology 17:222. &
Mark A. Clements
Centre for Australian National Biodi versity Research, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Email: mark.clements@csiro.au
David L. Jones Kalaru, NSW 2550 Email: dabajones@bigpond.com
Pecteilis malintana, Southeast Asia
54
Pecterlisradiatay,
Japan; (side))
Pecteilis rhodocheila, Thailand
www.australianorchidreview.com.au
Pecteilis rumphii, : ; : Pecteilis sagarikii, pact North Queensland } Thailand
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The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019 55
Corysanthes longituba
Orchidaceae: Acianthiinae), a new species from northern New South Wales
by David L. Jones and Lachlan M. Copeland
Abstract
Corysanthes longituba with affinities to Corysanthes diemenica, is described here as new, compared with similar taxa and notes are provided on its distribution, habitat, etymology and conservation status.
Key Words
Orchidaceae, Corysanthes longituba, Corysanthes diemenica, Corysanthes grumula, Corysanthes dilatata, Corybas diemenicus, Corybas grumulus, Corybas dilatatus, new species, New South Wales, Australian flora.
Introduction
Continuing studies into the complex of taxa surrounding Corysanthes diemenica Lindl. (see for example Jones 1991, 2008) have confirmed the existence of an undescribed species from the orchid-rich Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The distinctiveness of this species has been previously recognised; in volume 4 of the Flora of New South Wales it was treated as Corybas species A (Jones 1993) and Tony Bishop included it in his book (Bishop 1993) as Corybas sp. aff. dilatatus (Barrington Tops). That species is described here as new together with notes on its distribution, ecology, distinguishing features, etymology and conservation status.
Taxonomy
1. Corysanthes longituba D.L Jones & L.M.Copel., sp. nov. With affinity to Corysanthes diemenica Lindl., but differing by its northerly distribution, later flowering period, much longer labellum tube relative to the length of the labellum lamina, squat labellum lamina that is wider than long and with shorter marginal teeth, broader paler- coloured labellum boss and fewer, smaller papillae on the labellum lamina.
Type: New South Wales; Barrington Tops, 50 m downstream of Manning River Camping area, 8 Sept. 2004, W.M.Dowling 412 (holo CANB 652827, iso MEL, NSW).
Description: Terrestrial tuberous herb forming large clonal colonies. Leaf broadly cordate to orbicular, 12-15 mm. long, 13-17 mm wide at anthesis, expanding considerably after flowering, thin-textured, green on both surfaces, paler and pellucid beneath, apiculate. Flower erect, 8-11 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, reddish purple with translucent areas and dark veins and a greenish- cream boss, dominated by the dorsal sepal and labellum. Peduncle 2-3 mm long. Ovary erect or slightly recurved, 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide. Fertile bract ovate, c.2 mm long, c. 1.6 mm wide, closely sheathing. Dorsal sepal erect in the proximal half then curved forwards at about 90°, obovate-spathulate when flattened, 17-20 mm long, 9-11 mm wide, concave, protruding over the labellum lamina, broadly obtuse; narrow proximal part translucent reddish grey; distal expanded part heavily blotched with reddish purple. Lateral sepals projected forwards and porrect in front of the base of the labellum tube, filiform, c.3 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide, whitish; base connate; apex entire or
56
unequally lobed. Petals partially hidden by the labellum, linear-tapered, c. 2.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, falcate, whitish, auriculate at the base where they join the column, then tapering to a filiform point, sometimes unequally lobed. Labellum conspicuous; labellum tube much longer than the lamina, 8-9 mm long, erect throughout then abruptly decurved through 180° and greatly expanded into a broadly elliptic-oblong lamina; lamina 6-8 mm long, 7-10 mm wide, reddish with dark veins and a greenish-cream boss; boss flattish, bulging conspicuously when viewed from the side, smooth, thickened in longitudinal section with numerous erect red papillae on the ventral surface, especially in the front; labellum margins widely flared, with 10-13 pairs of blunt, irregular teeth to 1 mm long. Callus consisting of a series of ridged, inward-sloping, imbricate, transverse plates inside the labellum tube. Auricles c. 2 mm across, widely opening, directed downwards, prominent. Column recurved, c. 2mm long, broadest at the base, minutely winged. Stigma c. 0.8 mm in diameter, elliptical, concave. Anther c. 1 mm long, obtuse. Pollinarium c. 0.8 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide; pollinia 4, narrow-oblong, yellow, mealy; viscidium oval, c. 0.2 mm long. Capsule not seen.
Distribution and Habitat: Known with certainty from the Barrington Tops and Ben Hall Gap National Park 40 km to the north-west. Unconfirmed reports of this species occurring in New England National Park are yet to be verified but are likely to be correct. This species mainly grows in moist to wet sites such as gullies and localised swamps, but occasional colonies also occur in drier locations in open forest. In the preferred sites the plants form large colonies and grow under dense shrubs, such as thickets of Leptospermum, among mosses and ferns and in or around the margins of sphagnum mounds. The soils are dark peaty loams. Altitude: 1100-1450 m alt.
Flowering period: Late August to October, depending on altitude.
Similar species: Corysanthes longituba is probably closest to Corysanthes diemenica Lindl., but differs by its northerly distribution, later flowering period, much longer labellum tube relative to the length of the labellum lamina, squat labellum lamina that is wider than long and with shorter marginal teeth, broader paler-coloured labellum boss and fewer, smaller papillae on the labellum lamina. It also has similarities with both Corysanthes grumula D.L.Jones and Corysanthes dilatata Rupp & Nicholls. From Corysanthes grumula it differs by its generally paler flowers with an even longer labellum tube, larger labellum boss, longer and more numerous marginal labellum teeth, very few indistinct labellum papillae and larger, very prominent labellum auricles. Both of these species grow in very similar high rainfall habitats but probably have speciated as a result of isolation and local pressures. Corysanthes dilatata, which seems to be a confused entity in need of better definition (Bates 2009, 2016), has brighter red flowers with strongly marked darker rays on the labellum, a short labellum tube (about the same length as the lamina) and a creamy white labellum boss.
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Conservation Status: Known from relatively few sites but locally common and conserved in Barrington Tops National Park and Ben Halls Gap National Park; suggest a conservation status of 3RCa by the criteria of Briggs & Leigh (1996).
Etymology: From the Latin Jongus, long and tubus, tube; in reference to the labellum tube being much longer than the lamina.
Other Specimens Examined: New South Wales: 50 m downstream of Manning River Camping area, Barrington Tops, 30 Aug. 2004, W.M.Dowling 410 (CANB); near Dingo Gate, Barrington Tops, 20 Sept. 2004, WM.Dowling 417
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 —- January 2019
(CANB); near Polblue Swamp, Barrington Tops, 20 Sept. 2004, W.M. Dowling 418 (CANB); North of Ben Halls Creek, Ben Halls Gap National Park, 8 Sept. 1999, J.R.Hosking 1743 & A. Signor (CANB, MEL, NE, NSW).
Acknowledgements
We thank Colin Bower and the late Ron Tunstall for discussions about this species and providing specimens, Bill Dowling for collecting specimens on our behalf including material used as the type, Brendan Lepschi for providing access to specimens at CANB and Barbara Jones for checking the manuscript.
Corysanthes longituba, Barrington Tops, NSW. (photo: Ron Tunstall)
References ¢ Jones, D.L. (1993). Corybas In: G.J. Harden (ed.). Flora of ° Bates, R. (2009). Amazing helmet orchids (Corysanthes) of New South Wales Vol. 4 (pp. 212-215) UNSW Press: Sydney. the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia, 2009 survey, * Jones, D.L. (2008). Twelve species of Orchidaceae from
Orchadian 16(6): 256-261. ACT and adjacent areas are described as new, Orchadian. ° Bates, R. (2016). A new, miniature helmet orchid from 15: 546-558. a
South Australia is described as new and a larger helmet David L. Jones
orchid Corysanthes dilatata reinstated, Australian Orchid Kalaru, NSW, 2550
Review 80(5): 47-50. Email: dabajones@bigpond.com ¢ Bishop, T. (1996). Field Guide to the Orchids of New South Wales
and Victoria. (University of New South Wales Press: Sydney). een ent ¢ Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rareor Threatened Australian 35 Orlando St, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450
Plants, revised edition. (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood). Email: Hs Harbour NS Wi2430
e Jones, D.L. (1991). New taxa of Australian Orchidaceae, Austral. Orch. Res. 2: 1-208.
Corysan Wp gittiba;
. ¢ , . “i i, Barrington-Tops;NSW. -*
Corysanthes longituba, Barrington Tops, NSW __Corysanthes longituba, Barrington Tops, NSW i Sige sesta rh cf \ls (front view - drawing © D.L.Jones) (side view - drawing © D.L.Jones) * A iplcto: er gepeland) ;
wa Athy
New Combinations in the Australian Pterostylidinae
by Robert J. Bates
r Pee: new combinations are required for these species to be included (as Prerostylis) in the South Australian Census of vascular plants (eflora SA).
_Pterostylis bracteata (D.L. Jones & R.J. Bates) R.J. Bates, comb. nov. Basionym: Oligochaetochilus bracteatus D.L. Jones & R.J. Bates, Austral. Orch. Rev. 82 (2): 39 -41, images 1-4 on pgs. 40-41 2017.
Pterostylis limbata (D.L. Jones & RJ. Bates) RJ. Bates, comb. nov. Basionym: Oligochaetochilus limbatus D.L. Jones & R.J. Bates, Austral. Orch. Rev. 82 (2): 42-43, images 1-3 on pgs. 42-43 2017.
Pterostylis terminalis (D.L. Jones & R.J. Bates) RJ. Bates, comb. nov. Basionym: Oligochaetochilus terminalis D.L. Jones & R.J. Bates Austral. Orch. Rev. 82 (2) 44-46, images 1-4 on pgs. 44-45 2017. |
Robert J. Bates Email: bobbates63@hotmail.com
58 www.australianorchidreview.com.au
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Norman Alexander ‘Sandy’ Anderson
(1931 -
andy Anderson was born at Coffs Harbour on 34 April S 1931 and died at Coffs Harbour on 2274 August 2018. Although he spent most of his life in the Coffs Coast area, Sandy did reside in Sydney for a few years during which time he played rugby league football with Canterbury-Bankstown RLFC. Sandy was married to Olive (known as ‘Ollie’) and they had 4 sons - Al, Jack, Neville and Ian. Neville developed a keen interest in orchids at an early age and Sandy and Ollie helped and encouraged that activity wherever possible, often attending orchid club meetings, orchid shows and, later, working in Neville’s nurseries. In the process Sandy and Ollie themselves acquired a substantial knowledge and strong interest in orchid growing.
Around 1970, Sandy and Ollie began to import small shipments of orchids (particularly Softcane Dendrobium cultivars, Cattleya and Phalaenopsis) most were obtained from established Hawaiian breeders. Initially, those imported plants relied on Neville’s quarantine facility but, in the early 1980s, with the establishment of the highly successful “Bananacoast Orchids”, Sandy built his own quarantine facility to house a large range and quantity of
imported orchids. Sandy and Bananacoast Orchids significantly contributed to
the proliferation. of high quality nobile-type Dendrobiums within Australia.
During the growth of Bananacoast Orchids, Sandy established contacts with many overseas orchid growers/ breeders and introduced many fine orchids to Australian growers. His softcane Dendrobiums were obtained from Yamamoto Orchids and Sandy sought and received expert guidance from the master grower and breeder Jiro Yamamoto. With such guidance, Sandy soon mastered the culture of these stunning orchids. As a result, he was a guest speaker at many orchid societies from one end of the country to the other promoting these plants. Noted softcane grower, Eric Collins, acknowledged that without the advice and encouragement of Sandy, he may have given up trying to grow this group of orchids. More recently, in the December 2015 - January 2016 issue of the Australian Orchid Review, specialist grower Keith Ryan, also acknowledged Sandy (and Bananacoast Orchids)
The Australian Orchid Review, December 2018 — January 2019
2018)
as an important source of many plants, including an outstanding example of Dendrobium Pink Doll ‘Elegance’ HCC/AOC 1992 which he obtained as an aerial during the mid-1990s. Keith won many Grand Champions with that plant. This and many other of the softcane Dendrobiums introduced to Australian growers by Sandy and Ollie are still winning shows today.
Sandy’s expertise in the care and cultivation of orchids resulted in Bananacoast Orchids winning numerous Champion Dendrobium prizes and several Grand Champions at many orchid shows, extending from Adelaide (South Australia) to Townsville (Queensland). Sandy and Bananacoast Orchids often won prizes at
National and State shows _ including Champion Dendrobium at 6 Australian Orchid Council Conferences,
3 OSNSW shows (where he and Ollie also won the Commercial Display Class in 1995); a QOS Show Champion; Champion Dendrobium at the 1988 Sub- Tropical Orchid Council Show; and the Champion Dendrobium at 2 Orchid Council of S.A. shows.
Before gaining recognition as a respected Australian orchidist, Sandy worked in the timber industry for many
years, mostly in the forests of the northern NSW _ ranges.
During that time he pioneered the use of mobile sawmills in this
region which made the logging and milling of timber in remote locations
far easier compared with felling and
transporting the logs to permanent mill
sites. He was a bushman at heart and
that connection remained with him throughout his life.
_ Sandy was a member of the Coffs Harbour Orchid Society and served as President from 1985-86. He was later elected as a Life Member. In addition, Sandy and Ollie were founding members of the Woolgoolga District Orchid Society where each were made Life Members. Thanks to Neville Anderson for information used in this tribute and to Jack Anderson for the accompanying photograph. a
R. M. (Dick) Cooper Safety Beach, NSW Email: origma505@yahoo.com.au
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Paphiopedilum rungsuriyanum
iseivecently described (2014) miniature slipper orchid species from Laos. Tieremdoesn’t appear to be much variation within this species which produces Huge OWers off such a small tessellated plant. This example is from a flask,
IEGeli yamported into Australia with appropriate documentation, and is grown by Orehidspecies Plus in Victoria, who will be further propagating this unique species. POLOnDP By oe